Digesting Sunshine - How Mother Nature Turns Light Into Chemical Energy

Howdy, Science Fans!

I've been on hiatus from BTDS, but I'm back, and gearing up for some new programs soon. More about that later. First order of business - the last few programs in 2012 never got write-ups, so I'm posting them now!

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In February 2012 our speaker was Dr. Rob Burnap from the Department of Microbiology at OSU. Dr. Burnap is trying to work out a very important and very difficult puzzle - how exactly do plants accomplish photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is that trick we all know plants like to do. They turn carbon dioxide, water and sunshine into oxygen (good for us!) and chemical energy that they use to grow.

This is an important trick to understand. Part of the process involves splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. If we knew how to do that as efficiently as plants, we'd have have our energy problems solved! That's because the reverse process, putting oxygen and hydrogen together to form water, releases a lot of energy quickly.

We CAN split water using a process called electrolysis. Dr. Burnap brought a special electrolysis set-up that allowed us to see (using a ph indicator that changed colors) how it works. We connected electrodes to a battery, put them in the water, and watched the bubbles of hydrogen forming on one end and oxygen on the other.

We used a nine volt battery to supply the power needed to pull those water molecules apart, and the bubbles came out pretty slowly. A plant could do the same thing with just one volt's worth of sunshine! We tried using a one volt battery, but nothing happened.

Electrolysis in action!

Unfortunately electrolysis uses up way more energy than you can ever get back by burning the hydrogen it releases. But if we knew exactly how plants use sunlight to split water, maybe we could do it that way. Then it wouldn't cost much at all to produce lots of hydrogen (or possibly hydrocarbons, similar to gasoline).

At this point in the program, I shared the song I wrote, inspired by Dr. Burnap's research. It's called "Photosynthesis Machine."

You've probably heard of chloroplasts and chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are the structures inside plant cells where photosynthesis happens, and chlorophyll is the chemical in the chloroplasts that makes plants look green and allows photosynthesis to happen.

Dr. Burnap uses green algae in the lab as a stand-in for plants. Its photosynthesis machine is pretty much the same, but the algae is easier to work with.

But if you're like me you probably never realized that chlorophyll doesn't do the job alone. Dr. Burnap studies the protein structure that contains the chlorophyll. It's called the "reaction center," and it's a molecular machine that brings all the ingredients for photosynthesis together, recombines them, and moves the resulting products apart.

It's a photosynthesis machine!

 

That blobby shape on the screen behind Dr. Burnap is a computer model of part of the reaction site.

How exactly does the photosynthesis machine work? We know a lot about it already, but there are still many details to figure out. The challenge is: how do you study a machine so small you can't even see it with a microscope?

One way Dr. Burnap studies the molecular machine is by measuring how fast it works, then messing with it to see if he can slow it down. He uses a strobe light and an oxygen detector as a speedometer. The light flashes; the plant makes oxygen; the detector measures how much and how fast. We're talking super-fast speeds here. The video below shows how quickly the strobe light flashes on and off.

Some questions Dr. Burnap was working on were: Why don't the hydrogen and oxygen just bond back together right after the photosynthesis machine pulls them apart? How exactly does the photosynthesis machine move hydrogen away from the reaction site so that doesn't happen?

To slow down the machine, Dr. Burnap gave his algae heavy water instead of regular water. Heavy water is made with deuterium instead of hydrogen. Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope, containing one proton AND one neutron, so it weighs about twice as much as regular hydrogen. Heavier things are harder to move, so...

Would the machine have a harder time moving these heavy hydrogens out of the way? If so, would that also slow down the rate the oxygen gets released? It turns out: yes, and yes!

We made a human photosynthesis machine, using balloons to represent hydrogens and oxygens.

Dr. Burnap suspects that certain parts of the photosynthesis machine act like a bucket brigade. A series of proteins pass each hydrogen atom down the line in order to move it out of the way once it's been freed. One way to test this hypothesis is to change the machine and see what happens. Dr. Burnap was able to grow a special algae by "knocking out" one of the proteins in the bucket brigade. With this protein missing, would the hydrogen pile up? Would that slow down or stop the photosynthesis process?

Next we put our bucket brigade behind the screen, since Dr. Burnap can't see directly what's happening in real life either, and we took one of the proteins (people) out. Did the hydrogens (black balloons) still make it across to the other side? Surprise surprise - they did! How did they do that?

Using the strobe light and oxygen detector speedometer, Dr. Burnap discovered that even with one of the proteins missing, the machine worked just fine! This suggested to him that the proteins are not arranged in a straight line, but are interconnected so that the hydrogen has more than one path out.

We had a blast during the program re-creating Dr. Burnap's bucket-brigade experiment with people standing in for proteins and balloons representing hydrogen and oxygen molecules!

It's pretty amazing what we can figure out about how a machine is put together, even if it's too small to observe directly! If we keep piecing together details, one day maybe we'll be able to build our own photosynthesis machines to convert sunlight into chemical energy that we can use!

Playing with the electrolysis after the program.

Me on the left, Dr. Burnap on the right.

Digesting Sunshine

This Saturday morning at 10:00am, Born to Do Science presents... Dr. Rob Burnap, a microbiologist at Oklahoma State University, who will share with us his research on photosynthesis.

So you think you know photosynthesis? We all learn about it in grade school, right? It's easy to get the impression that photosynthesis is all figured out. If that's the case, why aren't we efficiently using the sun's energy to run our world, just like plants do? It turns out there's a lot more to know and Dr. Burnap is one of the many scientists around the world who research this important topic!

We are planning wall-to-wall demonstrations and activities on Saturday to help you understand why photosynthesis is so complex, amazing, and tough to untangle. Please join us at the Stillwater Public Library! The program is designed for kids in 3rd-7th grade and their adults to enjoy together. See you there!!

Photos from the lab:

Green algae are a convenient species to use to study photosynthesis. It is also hoped that we can eventually use algae to produce clean fuel for transportation on a commercial scale.

This equipment measures the Oxygen output from photosynthesis to an incredible degree of accuracy. Such data can be used to better understand how photosynthesis works.

Here is Dr. Burnap, looking a bit green. He often has to work under green lighting in the lab. Can you think why that would be? Be sure and ask on Saturday!

Breaking Up Bad Bacterial Biofilms

Check off another successful Born to Do Science event! Dr. Marianna Patrauchan spoke this evening about biofilms.

We kicked off the event with the debut performance of a new song called "Super Scientist." It's all about how much patience and persistence it takes to do the type of important research Dr. Patrauchan does. By the end of the song she was beaming! Watch for the song - I'll be posting it soon.

Then we talked about cystic fibrosis and how for some reason this usually harmless bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), forms a deadly biofilm in lung tissue of CF patients. These bacteria are very common in humans, so what is it about CF that induces them to grow?

Dr. P's hypothesis is that it has something to do with the higher concentration of calcium ions present; these ions are a signal from the body to the immune system that something is wrong (CF!). The PA bacteria pick up on it and it signals them to form a biofilm.

It takes proteins to pick up a chemical signal and act on it (see this amazing film!), so Dr. P's research involves sorting through hundreds of candidate proteins to see which ones, if knocked out, could block this process from happening. For each candidate protein a mutant PA strain with the corresponding gene knocked out is created and tested, and each test takes about six months to complete!

When I interviewed her in preparation for her talk, she hadn't yet found the magic protein, however...

In a high point of the presentation she revealed a slide showing a dramatic difference between the wild PA and a particular mutant strain growing in the presence of calcium. A positive result! Go, super scientist, go!!

Now that we've identified it, we just need to figure out how to block that protein from doing it's job, and perhaps a drug can be developed that will prevent fatal PA infections in CF patients!

Dr. P shared a stack of nutrient plates with the kids. Each kid chose four sources of bacteria (they are everywhere - pencils, fingers, crumbs from the floor, etc.) and seeded and labeled their plates. Tomorrow, they'll be able to see bacteria growth!

Hey, if any of you are reading this - send me a photo of your results and I'll post them here!